Language is a loaded weapon Essay

Language is that populateledge held by native speakers which, combined with the use of expressive faculties, enables them to communicate in spoken and written forms. Language is creative it croup create ambience i. e. harmony, strife and war depending on how we use it, and the intentions of the user. serviceman is a complex being each individual made so by unique & common experiences, which colour non only our response/perception and interpretation of data but also influence our delivery.The authority bulk deliver a message terminate alter the path we regain, our understanding, perception, or approach. Language can be used h wizstly or dishonestly. To convey truth or to pervert truth, to persuade, to convince, to ascendency, to unite, disunite, to make somewhatthing clear or to mystify. Language is the tool we use to communicate. Its non just words it includes N. V. C (Non Verbal Communication, signals that we give out in the instruction we stand and represent our bod y). Some interpretation of verbiage is done at a subconscious mind level, instinctively.When interpreting the encoders message we consider his/her motivation. What atomic number 18 they trying to accomplish? i. e. The way in which someone is listening or watching can indicate to you whether or non they ar interested, disliking or are world-weary with what you are saying. You notice this on a subconscious almost unperceivable level. If you are the encoder you adjust the way in which you speak so as the receiver decodes your message properly and doesnt misunderstand what you attain said.For utilization if you shout at someone they may get the impression you are angry with them, however you may have raised your voice to look they can hear you. To decode successfully many other aspects have to be considered about the encoders background, culture, belief system etc, over and to a higher place their motivation. Tone, pitch, volume, intonation, speed, hesitation, accent, emotio n, even hormones, all affect both delivery and reception. Hence wording is not a neutral tool it is inadvertently biased in thousands of ways. All mankind is guilty of this fault.A clear example of this is propaganda, aggregated media, political persuasion, even the way history is written. For example in The mirror after the September 11th incident, they produced a front varlet with the design My male child the hijacker. The way this title is worded makes you sympathise with the Mother, and shows us that the hijackers where not just people that had nothing to live for and no family, but people that had families. The subheading to this title was I did not bring up my intelligence to hate he was a good, kind, young man not an poisonous killer. This brings reality to the fact that you think you know who and what type of person your son/daughter is, but then a tragic thing alike(p) this happens and you find out that perhaps you dont really know who and what your child is really like. Another example that language is a pixilated weapon is in The Suns October 4th paper, on rogue 11 there was a heading Scouts attraction let boy, 10, lose it on mountain. Your first reactions and emotions to this title are anger, hatred and spite towards the ticker leader for letting a 10-year old boy die on a mountain.You then read on, to find out that the leader left wingover the boy unsupervised at the rear of the group as they descended tease Snowdon. This headline favours the boy, where as if the paper were writing in the favour of the leader you would perhaps have a heading more along the lines of A young boy strayed on the descent of mount Snowdon, slipped and fell 500ft to his death. This is an slight example to show that Language is a loaded weapon this shows us that by simply changing the way in which this title is worded, creates a whole different perspective to the article.It can persuade you to feel muddy for the family of the boy and hatred towards the scout leader or to show considerateness to the leader that the boy may have strayed from the path himself, slipped and fallen. wherefore language can be used to manipulate what you feel and in some ways is used to control you. Newspapers tell you what they think you should know not what you would like to know. An example of this was in the Daily Mirror 13th January 1996 page 7. A heading and its article entitled Gulp took up virtually the whole of the page compared with a little box in the left hand corner which had the heading Girls-raped by gang of 14. When a few years later a similar thing happens to a boy this gets front-page news with the title of A gay gang rapes boy, 19 from The Sun. The way these articles have been positioned and the amount they have had written on them manipulates what the mass media wants us to know. The way the second article is written shows us that the media try to control what we think.The heading itself creates a lot of emotions even though his a ge is attached as nineteen, the word boy is what immediately grabs your attention and causes your imagination to estimate a small child rather than a young man. Therefore taking in to consideration all these examples you find that language is not only a loaded weapon but is also one thousand ways biased. It can be used to manipulate what we think and what we think we know. We are told what to think and not asked to think about what we are told.

Leni Riefenstahl Essay

many masses are swept along by events. Some individuals intake events to advantage. How accurate is this statement in relation to the personality you train studied? Leni Riefenstahl exploits events and other(a) people to serve her own egotistical, obsessive and ungenerous ambition. Leni Riefenstahl was born on the 22nd of August 1902 in Berlin. Her full appellation was Helene Amalie Bertha Riefenstahl. She accomplished a lot during her 101 years of living. She had successful careers as a dancer, actress, director, producer, editor, photographer, author, and mountain climber, as easily as ane of the homos oldest active scuba divers.Furthermore, she has been induced as one of The carbon Most Influential Women of All Time. However her accomplishments will always be frowned upon presumptuousness her association with Adolf Hitler and the national socialist Party. Riefenstahl had been hold outn to edit scenes from her life, alter inside information and omit events to suit he r purposes. She did this so others would see her as flawless. This has been proven by her quote reality doesnt interest me. When considering the preceding(prenominal) dissertation statement, 2 differing perspectives lift. The first clogs the thesis and is that Riefenstahl was so driven to be worldly nonable and recognised that she didnt care what the cost.The second objects the thesis and is that Riefenstahl could not put one over possibly predicted the purpose and effects of her selects, or Hitlers useions for world domination. An historian who supports the first perspective is Steven Bach. In The life and work of Leni Riefenstahl he argues that Riefenstahl was preoccupy with her career and moulding her image, and that these things are the keys to understanding her behaviour throughout her life. He believes she knew more about Nazism than she would bring on liked people to believe. An historian who supports the second view is Audrey Salkeld.In A portrait of Leni Riefens tahl she argues that much of the disapprobation of Riefenstahl came from hindsight. According to Salkeld, Riefenstahl could not have known of the horrors that occurred under Nazism. Three important events during Riefenstahls life measure that create debate in relation to the thesis are the direction of Tiefland, The Nuremburg rallies movies ( conquest of faith, and Triumph of the will), and her documentary of the Berlin Olympics (Olympia). Tiefland Tiefland is a 1954 charge that Leni Riefenstahl scripted, directed, star in, and edited.She began developing the script in 1934, and shot the movie between 1940 and 1944. The picture palace, even, was not completed by the end of World War II and at long last was finalized and released on February 11, 1954. The film was set in Spain, and so Riefenstahl needed people who looked of Spanish decent to play extras in the film. She cast a throng of gypsies that were being held in a camp. These Gypsies were destined for Auschwitz, and many that turn outed in the film were later murdered in concentration camps. Riefenstahls decision to use these extras formulates a debate.It again links back to the thesis and the points of views which arise from it. unity perspective is in support of the thesis and is that Riefenstahl utilize the Gypsies inhumanly or amo irritate as she knew of their destiny, but used them anyway to create some illuminate of realism or authenticity to her film. Steven Bach is in support of this perspective and points out in his feature document The puzzle of Leni Riefenstahl, that Riefenstahl had publicly claimed to have seen all the Gypsies who worked on Tiefland after the war.Nothing happened to a single one of them. However, this is not true. In reality, of 48 Gypsies who can be documented, 20 died in Nazi concentration camps, most of them in Auschwitz to which they were transported almost directly from the film set. The other perspective objects to the thesis and is that Riefenstahl had no ch oice in using the Gypsies as extras and the decision to use them was that of the SS and was out of her control. It also dictates that Riefenstahl did not know of their destiny.This perspective is supported by the fact that after the war, in 1949, the homage that investigated Riefenstahls activities during the war declared she was stark. The court say that although there were rumours that Leni Riefenstahl used Gypsies from concentration camps for her film Tiefland, and that most of them had been killed in gas chambers, the judges erect no reason to believe this and Riefenstahl was acquitted for this point once and forever. However, no gypsy who had served as an extra was constitute at that time in the court and with time some started to talk.Indeed, there were few survivors many stated that family members who had played in the film had been gassed in Auschwitz shortly after having worked with Riefenstahl. The Nuremburg Rallies Films Victory of Faith was the first documentary f ilm Leni Riefenstahl directed. She was hired despite resistivity from Nazi officials who resented employing a woman and a non-Party member for that matter. Her film recounts the 5th Party Rally of the Nazi Party, which occurred in Nuremberg from 30 August to 3 September 1933.Triumph of the Will was the other Nuremburg rally propaganda film make by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, most notably, portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler. The central theme of the film is the return of Germany as a coarse power, with Hitler as the True German Leader who will bring halo to the nation. Triumph of the Will was released in 1935 and rapidly became one of the best-known examples of propaganda in film history.After many years of people viewing the cardinal Nuremburg rally movies Victory of Faith and Triumph of the will, two perspectives arise in relation to Riefenst ahls contribution and purpose. The first perspective, which supports the thesis, is that Riefenstahl created the films knowing of their propaganda intent and potential. She took advantage of the success and popularity of the Nazis at the time, and willingly and purposely created the propaganda films to further her corroboration as a film maker and to make her name well known.Author Ken Webb is in support of this perspective and in his have Leni Riefenstahl 1902-2003 (part of the everything you wanted to know about but were to afraid to ask series. ) makes the production line that, Riefenstahls film was a clear promotion of the Fuhrer Cult. A major(ip) piece of Nazi propaganda was the presentation of Hitler as a special gracious of leader, capable of ending the depression, restoring German pride and leading the country into a great future. The films only star is Hitler.His adoring fans are there to merely worship and stare in reverential awe. The other perspective that emerges, o bjects to the thesis, and is that the films were not made under the intentions for Nazi propaganda, but or else honorable brilliant documentaries with skilful camera and film techniques that inspired people. Audrey Salkeld is in support of this view and argues that it is unfair to judge Riefenstahl through the benefit of hindsight. In 1934, no-one knew that Hitlers regime would kill 6 million people. Riefenstahls films say next to zippo about racist dogma and political persecution, and Salkeld argues that it is because the rally did not do this.Salkeld also refers to Riefenstahls statement in balance beam Mullers 1993 film that Triumph of the will could not be propaganda because there was no commentary telling people what to think. However, this only delegacy that the pictures speak for themselves, and what do they say? Well according to Salkeld She may not have set out to glorify Hitler but her feelings for him at the time were so worshipful that she could portray him only thr ough the shining eyeball of admiration the Fuhrer represented this is what she filmed. OlympiaThe International Olympic Committee disposed(p) Berlin the 1936 Olympic Games in 1931. When Hitler became chancellor in January 1933, his initial reaction was to sentence the Olympic Games as an evil invention by Jews. The minister of propaganda and enlightenment, Josef Goebbels, however convinced and informed Hitler of the media potential, and the chance to advertise to the world the successes of the new Nazi regime. This lead to the birth and was the basis of Riefenstahls sports documentary/propaganda film Olympia, which premiered in Berlin on the 20th of April 1938.Like Riefenstahls other documentaries under the Nazi regime, this one strikes debate whether it was propaganda for Nazi ideology, or just another innocent documentary which others interpreted it as propaganda. The perspective that Olympia was no query a piece of Nazi propaganda is in support of the thesis as it debates that Riefenstahl compromised her moral integrity for her own benefits and successes. Author Ken Webb is in support of this view and in his book Leni Riefenstahl 1902-2003 (part of the everything you wanted to know about ut were to afraid to ask series. ) makes the communication channel that, despite its technical brilliance, it was really nothing more than a piece of Nazi propaganda.The aim of the film was to present the essence of the Nazi message, which was the primacy of race. The point of view that it was just another documentary, maintains that it was just a film trying to capture the essence of Aryan transcendency and the beauty of the human race. This view is in contrast to the thesis. Rainer Rother is one who believes that the film is not of Nazi propaganda.He argues that the fascist aspects of Riefenstahls films do not necessarily conform to the definition of fascist art as, above all, a utopian aesthetics that of physical perfection. Rother challenges the view that the f ilm is fascist art. He claims that although Riefenstahl definitely celebrates beauty and athleticism, he then asks, that dont the images appear too smooth? He then argues that the images as a allow for of being too smooth suppress any actual effort. He questions Can Riefenstahls films really contribute much to the ideologization of events which are already empathically ideological in their own right?In rebut to the above argument, indeed the idea of the filming was to capture the beauty of the human race, and this was the rash force behind the Nazi regime. Further evidence to rebut the argument in the previous paragraph, is that the financing of her film came under the control of Goebbels propaganda ministry. Therefore, it makes no sense that the Nazis would give Riefenstahl 1. 5 million marks to finance a film, unless the film was for Nazi purposes, which was to create a propaganda film for them.

The Handmaids Tale

Marg bet Atwoods The Handmaids Tale load downs bespeak in a rank Cold War society plagued by infertility. Atwood presents the reader with The country of Gilead, the Christian theocracy that oerthrew the United States govern workforcet. Narrated by a woman re key outd Off passing, the reader gets an subject of a future in which wo manpower be no interminable women, provided ar solely needed for reproduction. Atwood uses a system of vocabulary formal under(a) the res publica of Gilead in army to manipulate and dehumanize women and men end-to-end the text. chthonian this new society women be efined under their sexuality roles.No longer ar women al aceowed to hold wrinkles, make an income, or soak up suss out over their corpse. Men on the other hand are referred to by their military rank. Women are thus p lace into the group in which the democracy of Gilead finds deceaseting. almost sent off to re rear children, others to work and wait for a slacken cruel death. Offred is what the Republic of Gilead labels a handmaid. A handmaids sole get is to learn a child for elite fami deceitfulnesss of the Republic. Handmaids are nude from their accept array and are laboured to stand firm all told red.A floor length tog up that gives the handmaid no shape, red shoes, and red gloves. The color red is highly symbolic towards their position in society. The red clo matter could be understand in a multitude of ways. Red is the color of a womens catamenial blood. Therefore the wearing of red deems the handmaids one of the few full-bodied women among society. However, in hi point red has been a marker of sexual sin. The handmaids are basically having sex with married men. all handmaids are immediately stripped of their abide name and put under possession of the commander.Offred receives this name because her commanders name is Fred, and she is of Fred. This is the Republic of Gileads way of literally dehumanizing and stripping the handma ids from any personalization. I looked up the commentary of the word retainer, and it is defined as such, A handmaiden is a personal maid, female servant, or a subordinate thing. Under this new society, these women who are able to produce life, are literally referred to as things and possessions. In the beginning of this new society handmaidens arrive at a place called the red center.It is here they learn to be adroit by what the Republic of Gilead labels Aunts. Aunts cause to promote the handmaids as an adept romp and position in society. The term aunt is appropriately use and apply by Atwood throughout the novel. Their Job is to train, reform and advise handmaids in order to prepare them for their new life. One performanceivity the aunts apply in attempt to brainwash and manipulate the handmaids was testifying. It was during this period handmaids told their apparent faults from their previous lives and was then taunted for it.Offred tells one handmaids story from testify ing as such, Its Janine, telling about how she was gang- pillaged at 14 and had an stillbirth. The other handmaids chant in unison claiming it is her fault, her fault, her fault. Offred explains how during the brave out time Janine told the story she burst into tears. However, during this weeks testifying she immediately plays responsibility tor being raped claiming, It was my tault It was my let fault, I led them on. The aunts have completed their Job by manipulating the handmaids into believing that a rape was wanted.Upon entering a commanders dwelling in that respect are no longer aunts, but Marthas. The Handmaids Tale is laced with biblical references throughout the entire novel. Atwoods use of the name Martha comes presently from a story in Luke 1038-42 in which Jesus goes to visit his female parent bloody shame and Martha. mend Mary sits and listens to Jesus speak, Martha is too busy with all of the duties she had to accomplish. This is exactly what the Marthas are seen doing turn working in the commanders home. The Marthas, Cora and Rita, are to fit all domestic roles in the house, exactly likeMartha had done in the bible. While Marthas take care of the house, the commanders wives are not expected to do the same. Wives are surpassing to all women, and it is made clear to Offred right away. However, while funding in the commanders home it is apparent that even though the handmaidens are forced into a situation unwanted, so have the wives. Wives are to lay with the handmaiden while the commander has sex with the handmaiden. Labeled as, the ceremony, this event is emotionally scarring towards both(prenominal) females in the situation.After one of the ceremonies Offred even wonders, Which of us is it worse for, her or me. The act of the ceremony directly shows how the Republic of Gilead has dehumanized both low ranking and superior women. wind up is no longer performed for love and passion, but solely to produce a child. On one hand, Offr ed has no say over her body and what is contingency to her. Offred even states, Its only the inside of our bodies that is important. The outside can start out unsaid and wrinkled for all they care. On the other hand, the commanders wife, Serena Joy, has to lie on that point while her husband has sex with another woman.While dealing with those struggles take care unsporting and unjust, other women are worse off. Deformed babies, sterile women and source feminists are not even given a chance in this society. Denoted with the labels of unwomen and unbabies, they are sent to the colonies. The colonies are places in which agriculture is produced and also a place of deadly radiation and pollution. The Republic of Gilead immediately sends them there because they have no use for them in their supreme society. The Republic of Gilead does not only bottle up women, but men too.Offreds ormer friend Moira explained to her in flesh out the colonies, All of them wear long dresses like the ones at the Center, only gray. Women and the men too, sagacity from the group shots. I guess its supposed to demoralize the men having to wear a dress. Under this society, if you do not fit their standards, you are deemed unnecessary. Atwood also uses certain vocabulary to define certain ghostlike rituals that take place throughout the novel. Praywaganzas, Salvagings, and Particicutions are a few of the rituals used to manipulate handmaidens into practicing the societies beliefs.The Handmaids TaleMargaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale takes place in a post Cold War society plagued by infertility. Atwood presents the reader with The Republic of Gilead, the Christian theocracy that overthrew the United States government. Narrated by a woman renamed Offred, the reader gets an idea of a future in which women are no longer women, but are solely needed for reproduction. Atwood uses a system of vocabulary established under the Republic of Gilead in order to manipulate and dehumanize women and men throughout the text. Under this new society women are efined under their gender roles.No longer are women allowed to hold Jobs, make an income, or have control over their body. Men on the other hand are referred to by their military rank. Women are then placed into the group in which the Republic of Gilead finds fitting. Some sent off to reproduce children, others to work and wait for a slow cruel death. Offred is what the Republic of Gilead labels a handmaid. A handmaids sole purpose is to produce a child for elite families of the Republic. Handmaids are stripped from their own clothes and are forced to wear all red.A floor length dress that gives the handmaid no shape, red shoes, and red gloves. The color red is extremely symbolic towards their position in society. The red clothing could be interpreted in a multitude of ways. Red is the color of a womens menstrual blood. Therefore the wearing of red deems the handmaids one of the few fertile women among society. However, i n history red has been a marker of sexual sin. The handmaids are essentially having sex with married men. All handmaids are immediately stripped of their birth name and put under possession of the commander.Offred receives this name because her commanders name is Fred, and she is of Fred. This is the Republic of Gileads way of literally dehumanizing and stripping the handmaids from any personalization. I looked up the definition of the word handmaiden, and it is defined as such, A handmaiden is a personal maid, female servant, or a subordinate thing. Under this new society, these women who are able to produce life, are literally referred to as things and possessions. In the beginning of this new society handmaidens arrive at a place called the red center.It is here they learn to be trained by what the Republic of Gilead labels Aunts. Aunts attempt to promote the handmaids as an honorable Job and position in society. The term aunt is appropriately used and applied by Atwood throughou t the novel. Their Job is to train, reform and advise handmaids in order to prepare them for their new life. One activity the aunts used in attempt to brainwash and manipulate the handmaids was testifying. It was during this time handmaids told their apparent faults from their previous lives and was then taunted for it.Offred tells one handmaids story from testifying as such, Its Janine, telling about how she was gang-raped at fourteen and had an abortion. The other handmaids chant in unison claiming it is her fault, her fault, her fault. Offred explains how during the last time Janine told the story she burst into tears. However, during this weeks testifying she immediately takes responsibility tor being raped claiming, It was my tault It was my own fault, I led them on. The aunts have completed their Job by manipulating the handmaids into believing that a rape was wanted.Upon entering a commanders home there are no longer aunts, but Marthas. The Handmaids Tale is laced with biblic al references throughout the entire novel. Atwoods use of the name Martha comes directly from a story in Luke 1038-42 in which Jesus goes to visit his mother Mary and Martha. While Mary sits and listens to Jesus speak, Martha is too busy with all of the duties she had to accomplish. This is exactly what the Marthas are seen doing while working in the commanders home. The Marthas, Cora and Rita, are to fulfill all domestic roles in the house, exactly likeMartha had done in the bible. While Marthas take care of the house, the commanders wives are not expected to do the same. Wives are superior to all women, and it is made clear to Offred right away. However, while living in the commanders home it is apparent that even though the handmaidens are forced into a situation unwanted, so have the wives. Wives are to lay with the handmaiden while the commander has sex with the handmaiden. Labeled as, the ceremony, this event is emotionally scarring towards both females in the situation.After one of the ceremonies Offred even wonders, Which of us is it worse for, her or me. The act of the ceremony directly shows how the Republic of Gilead has dehumanized both low ranking and high-ranking women. Sex is no longer performed for love and passion, but only to produce a child. On one hand, Offred has no say over her body and what is happening to her. Offred even states, Its only the inside of our bodies that is important. The outside can become hard and wrinkled for all they care. On the other hand, the commanders wife, Serena Joy, has to lie there while her husband has sex with another woman.While dealing with those struggles seem unfair and unjust, other women are worse off. Deformed babies, sterile women and former feminists are not even given a chance in this society. Denoted with the labels of unwomen and unbabies, they are sent to the colonies. The colonies are places in which agriculture is produced and also a place of deadly radiation and pollution. The Republic of Gil ead immediately sends them there because they have no use for them in their supreme society. The Republic of Gilead does not only oppress women, but men too.Offreds ormer friend Moira explained to her in detail the colonies, All of them wear long dresses like the ones at the Center, only gray. Women and the men too, Judging from the group shots. I guess its supposed to demoralize the men having to wear a dress. Under this society, if you do not fit their standards, you are deemed unnecessary. Atwood also uses certain vocabulary to define certain religious rituals that take place throughout the novel. Praywaganzas, Salvagings, and Particicutions are a few of the rituals used to manipulate handmaidens into practicing the societies beliefs.

Contributions of Tun Dr Mahathir Essay

Dr Mahathir was Malaysias fourth vizor Minister and he worked very(prenominal)(prenominal) hard to develope our demesne since the day he was appointed as the Prime Minister. Dr M served as the prime minister of Malaysia for 22 years. He created a concept called VISION 2020, where by the year 2020 Malaysia is expected to be a fully actual country. He called upon the entire citizens of Malaysia to work harder and to prepare themselves to genuinely achieve that vision. Dr M transformed Malaysia from a country that completely depended on self-subsistant agriculture, cultivation of rubber and tin mining, into a vibrant economic country based on trading and industrialisation. Malaysia now has heavy and high engine room industries that have become more developed and competitive with other developed countries in the world. Besides that, Dr Mahathir took steps to enable Malaysia to face the future by establishing the Multimedia tops(predicate) Corridor, which emphasizes Information Te chnology as a very important asset for the country in the new millennium. Dr Mahathir also announce the National Car Project (Proton), which is one of the many important developments of Malaysia in achieving Vision 2020. In the field of literature, Dr Mahathir has contributed spaciously since his schooling days.Due to his great interest in writing, Dr Mahathir was an editor of a magazine called Darulaman. Other than that, Dr Mahathir successfully handled the financial crisis 1997 and stabilized the Malaysian economy. All schools were equipped with computers with the help of Dr Mahathir. Dr Mahathir helped Malaysia to not depend too much on neighbouring country ports by constructing Malaysias own major ports. This helped Malaysia to reduce foreign currency outflow until now. Dr Mahathir beginned dissimilar large scale national projects, such as the North-South Highway, The Multimedia Super Corridor, Malaysias new administrative capital Putrajaya, Port of Tanjung Pelepas, KLIA in S epang, and an side by side(p) Formula One Circuit, Olympic-class stadium in Bukit Jalil and the Petronas Twin Towers, the tallest twin towers in the world, the worlds tallest building from 1997-2003, that has become the symbol of modern Malaysia.

John Donne and Reformation

keister Donne was born in Bread Street, London in 1572 to a prosperous Ro human beings Catholic family a precarious thing at a quantify when anti-Catholic sentiment was rife in England. His father, John Donne, was a well-to-do ironmonger and citizen of London. Donnes father died explosively in 1576, and left the trio children to be raised by their mother, Elizabeth, who was the daughter of epigrammatist and playwright John Heywood and a relative of Sir doubting Thomas More. Family tree. Donnes first teachers were Jesuits.At the age of 11, Donne and his younger pal Henry were entered at Hart Hall, University of Oxford, where Donne studied for three years. He fagged the next three years at the University of Cambridge, but took no spirit level at either university because he would not take the Oath of supremacy required at graduation. He was admitted to study law as a member of Thavies Inn (1591) and Lincolns Inn (1592), and it seemed natural that Donne should embark upon a h ealthy or diplomatic career. In 1593, Donnes brother Henry died of a feverishness in prison afterwards being arrested for giving sanctuary to a proscribed Catholic priest.This made Donne begin to question his faith. His first platter of poems, Satires, compose during this period of residence in London, is considered one of Donnes close all-important(prenominal) literary efforts. Although not immediately published, the volume had a fairly total readership through private circulation of the manuscript. Same was the case with his love poems, Songs and Sonnets, assumed to be written at about the same time as the Satires. Having genetic a considerable fortune, young Jack Donne spent his money on womanizing, on books, at the theatre, and on travels.He had also be familiarityed christopher Brooke, a poet and his roommate at Lincolns Inn, and Ben Jonson who was part of Brookes circle. In 1596, Donne joined the naval expedition that Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex, led against Cadiz, Spain. In 1597, Donne joined an expedition to the Azores, where he wrote The Calm. Upon his blow over to England in 1598, Donne was appointed private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, Lord flight attendant of the Great Seal, afterward Lord Ellesmere. Donne was beginning a promising career. In 1601, Donne became MP for Brackley, and sat in Queen Elizabeths last Parliament. just in the same year, he secretly married Lady Egertons niece, seventeen-year-old Anne More, daughter of Sir George More, police lieutenant of the Tower, and effectively committed career suicide. Donne wrote to the livid father, saying Sir, I grant my fault to be so great as I dare scarce offer any other prayer to you in exploit own behalf than this, to believe that I neither had dishonest end nor means. But for her whom I tender much more than my fortunes or life (else I would, I might neither joy in this life nor have a go at it the next) I humbly beg of you that she may not, to her danger, feel the terror of your sudden anger. 1 Sir George had Donne thrown in Fleet Prison for some weeks, on with his cohorts Samuel and Christopher Brooke who had aided the couples clandestine affair. Donne was dismissed from his domiciliate, and for the next decade had to struggle climb poverty to support his growing family. Donne afterward summed up the experience John Donne, Anne Donne, Undone. Annes cousin offered the couple refuge in Pyrford, Surrey, and the couple was helped by friends akin Lady Magdalen Herbert, George Herberts mother, and Lucy, Countess of Bedford, women who also played a prominent role in Donnes literary life.Though Donne still had friends left, these were bitter years for a man who knew himself to be the intellectual superior of most, knew he could have risen to the highest posts, and to that extent found no preferment. It was not until 1609 that a reconciliation was effected amid Donne and his father-in-law, and Sir George More was finally induced to pay his d aughters dowry. In the intervening years, Donne perform law, but they were lean years for the Donnes. Donne was employed by the religious pamphleteer Thomas Morton, later Bishop of Durham.It is possible that Donne co-wrote or ghost-wrote some of Mortons pamphlets (1604-1607). To this period, before reconciliation with his inlaws, lead Donnes Divine Poems (1607) and Biathanatos (pub. 1644), a radical piece for its time, in which Donne argues that suicide is not a sin in itself. As Donne approached forty, he published devil anti-Catholic polemics Pseudo-Martyr (1610) and Ignatius his Conclave (1611). They were final public testimony of Donnes renunciation of the Catholic faith.Pseudo-Martyr, which held that slope Catholics could pledge an oath of allegiance to James I, King of England, without compromising their religious loyalty to the Pope, won Donne the favor of the King. In return for patronage from Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, he wrote A Funerall Elegie (1610), on the death of Sir Roberts 15-year-old daughter Elizabeth. At this time, the Donnes took residence on Drury Lane. The ii Anniversaries An Anatomy of the World (1611) and Of the Progress of the Soul (1612) continued the patronage.Sir Robert promote the publication of the poems The First Anniversary was published with the original elegy in 1611, and both were reissued with The Second Anniversary in 1612. Donne had refused to take Anglican orders in 1607, but King James persisted, finally announcing that Donne would receive no post or preferment from the King, unless in the church. In 1615, Donne reluctantly entered the ministry and was appointed a magnificent Chaplain later that year. In 1616, he was appointed Reader in deity at Lincolns Inn (Cambridge had conferred the degree of Doctor of Divinity on him two years earlier).Donnes style, full of elaborate metaphors and religious symbolism, his flair for drama, his wide acquirement and his quick wit soon established him as one of the sterling (prenominal) preachers of the era. Just as Donnes fortunes seemed to be improving, Anne Donne died, on 15 August, 1617, aged thirty-three, after giving birth to their twelfth child, a stillborn. Seven of their children survived their mothers death. Struck by grief, Donne wrote the seventeenth Holy Sonnet, Since she whom I lovd hath paid her last debt. According to Donnes friend and biographer, Izaak Walton, Donne was thereafter crucified to the world. Donne continued to write poetry, notably his Holy Sonnets (1618), but the time for love songs was over. In 1618, Donne went as chaplain with Viscount Doncaster in his embassy to the German princes. His Hymn to Christ at the Authors Last Going into Germany, written before the journey, is laden with hint of death. Donne returned to London in 1620, and was appointed Dean of Saint Pauls in 1621, a post he held until his death. Donne excelled at his post, and was at last financially secure.In 1623, Donnes eldest daughter, Constance, marrie d the actor Edward Alleyn, then 58. Donnes private meditations, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, written while he was convalescing from a serious illness, were published in 1624. The most famous of these is undoubtedly Meditation 17, which includes the immortal lines No man is an island and neer send to know for whom the bell tolls It tolls for thee. In 1624, Donne was made vicar of St Dunstans-in-the-West. On walk 27, 1625, James I died, and Donne preached his first sermon for Charles I.But for his ailing health, (he had babble out sores and had experienced significant weight loss) Donne almost certainly would have execute a bishop in 1630. Obsessed with the idea of death, Donne posed in a shroud the painting was completed a few weeks before his death, and later used to create an effigy. He also preached what was called his own funeral sermon, Deaths Duel, just a few weeks before he died in London on parade 31, 1631. The last thing Donne wrote just before his death was Hym ne to God, my God, In my Sicknesse. Donnes monument, in his shroud, survived the Great Fire of London and can still be seen like a shot at St. Pauls.

MBA Corporate Governance And Responsibility Essay

wherefore did it book 10 years to bring Harshad Mehta to justice? What weaknesses in the monetary markets allowed such abuse to succeed?Harshad Mehtas scam was one which mingled huge magnitudes, which is why it probably came into light in the first pip.1 Scams of small magnitude be happening almost anyday at the Bombay tired Exchange but not coming to light. There atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) reasons for this. Some of the major reasons are briefly discussed below.The Indian businesses have traditionally being family owned. Owing to c at a timentration of money in a few hands, most bulk have concentrated on survival and aegis due to which the risking loving entrepreneurial skill has not developed more than. beingness family owned businesses, a lot of insider and sensitive information is often functional to the owners and their relatives even though the company is technically a separate reasoned entity. Given this insider information and the relatively weak leg al machinery, it is easy for the insiders to manipulate prices of stocks by large buying or selling.The reason forthlined above also gives rise to the herd mentality i.e. if bulk activity is protruden on a stock on a particular day in a particular re achieve people see to trust it promptly believing that some one with insider and reliable information is acting upon it. This is what helped Harshad Mehta in pulling away the scam. Further, on that point are hardly any checks and balances on the end use of loans given by banks and other financial institutions. They seem to be satisfied by the nature of the borrower and once they are confident(p) that he sack up return the money, the end use of the same whether for system or any other activity is hardly looked into.It took as yen as ten years to bring Harshad Mehta to justice due to the junto of many an(prenominal) systemic failures and adjectival lacuna. Firstly, it is difficult to pin point in such a huge market as to wh ere the first heedlessness or breach of law took place. Further, in that respect are many procedural approvals that must(prenominal) be intromitn before the regulator crowd out ready any concrete carry out. The countrys civil procedure offset is quite slow too, with many appeals available before an offender is in conclusion convicted. Therefore, even high profile racing shells such as these often take several years before finally being disposed off.How freighter ethics in the boardroom be monitored and restrainerled?Ethics, in the first place, is a rather complicated and complex issue. There is no straightjacket enactment as different situations would demand different measures. In the boardroom, where money is at stake, and e rattlingone has their own business to mind, it is probably even more difficult. This has been a subject of considerable debate, and there are certain measures which companies should generally apply, with specific variations in accordance with the particular situation at hand. Some of these general principles are briefly discussed below.2 Firstly, there has to be strict avoidance of concentration of chief(prenominal) powers and functions in a few hands. As can be seen from the maxwell Affair of 1991, too many responsibilities in different areas of solicitude are likely to be fatal to the company. Further, the delegation of power must not be absolute. Power corrupts, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. There should be checks and balances veracious upto the confidential information level. At the top most level, where it is difficult to have checks and balances in a vertical hierarchy, the same should be had using a plain structure. Strong ethical base and principles must come in from the top and trickle down to the bottom. It is Copernican that these principles are insisted upon, no matter how corked a situation a company is in. They should be introduced as non-negotiable to every new employee who joins, so that when he climbs the ranks in the corporate ladder, he is every bit insistent about such principles. Gradually, a strong ethical overstep short is built.Is there a open difference mingled with Enrons sendup and Madoffs appeal to selected investors?There is quite a discernible difference between Enrons fraud and Madoffs appeal to elite investors. Enrons fraud was a clear case of lack of zippy auditing and poor accounting practices. The profits were terribly overstated and the accounts were shown to pose a rosy picture of the state of soulal business of the company. The true state of affairs was not revealed to the shareholders and other stakeholders in the company. The auditors were cleverly deceived, and they too didnt do any follow up action.3 Madoffs case is a much more complex one than Enron. Madoffs case has largely been seen as one which could never be expected, and therefore no laws are in place to remedy such a situation. Unlike Enrons case, which can be foreseen, Madoffs case was completely unique and innovative. Enrons case has been foreseen by the law shakers, due to which many laws are in place to keep in check of the same.Firstly, there are accounting standards and conventions which must be adhered to by all companies. Second, all companies are statutorily demand to get their accounts audited so as to doubly ensure that they reflect a true and fair view of the affairs of the company. Although it has been said in a landmark decision, that an auditor is a watchdog and not a bloodhound, it can be said that the auditors failed to do an upto-the mark job in Enron and then the scandal.4 However, in complete contrast, Madoffs case is so unexpected that there are no laws which effectively deal with such a situation. He used his reputation of being an expert at the Wall channel and a continued promise to offer secured and steady returns to swindle many high net worth individuals of millions of dollars. Such an exercise of personal assumption is dif ficult for the law to stop. Now, in retrospect, of course there are laws which dominance certain revealings in case of any broker or person dealing on anothers behalf in the stock market. Further, there are investor awareness and know-your-rights campaigns by the regulator. Thus, another importance difference between the two scandals which essentially flows from the main difference is the solutions that they demand are very different from each other.What steps would you take as an independent managing director on the board of a company where you had reason to believe that ambidextrous or unethical activities were being carried out by the high-profile company attraction?First of all, being an independent director, there is a great follow of responsibility on my shoulder to ensure that such policies are pushed for, which make it near to impossible for fraudulent or unethical activities to be carried out by any individual in the company. However, if this was to happen, there woul d be a series of measures I would attempt to take.Firstly, it would be important to get the firm Board of Directors, or as far as it may be practicable, into confidence so as to ensure that the top level management is not divided on such an important issue. Once this is done, it is important to have an internal conference with the venture offender about his offensive activities. It is important at this stage to consider all possible solutions to the problem, as open action against such a person should be the last resort, given that such information is particularly sensitive, and it would adversely affect the reputation of the company, if it were to get leaked.Therefore, it is also important that only so many people are made aware of such a situation as are required. It is essential that the matter not be lingered, and damage control be the top most priority. Again, every possible option should be explored including plea bargaining and settlement through mediation or negotiation.5 The suspected offender should also be taken into confidence that full disclosure would be in his best interests too. No threat or action should be immediately taken against him, as then he cleverness attempt to conceal the substance of the matter, which would be eventually then take a long time to be fathomed. Any severe action contemplated should be taken only once the issue has been fully resolved.Finally, once the issue has been resolved, there should be a fall back to see why such an event happened, and what can the company do in future to prevent it. The offender should not be let off lightly, as this may go on to set a pretty example. At the same time, the best interests of the company in the long run must be kept in mind.REFERENCESAnonymous, Harshad Mehta A filth to commend f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010).Anonymous, Key Biscayne continuative in Madoff Scandal, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010.Cathy Thomas, Behind the Enron Scandal, TIME Magazine, Jun e 2002.Kevin MacDonald, Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?, Occidental quarterly Online, July 2010.Stephanie Maier, How global is good corporate governance?, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005.1 Anonymous, Harshad Mehta A Scandal to come back c.f. www.casestudy.co.in (Last Visited 25 July, 2010).2 Stephanie Maier, How global is good corporate governance?, EIRIS Report, Aug 2005.3 Cathy Thomas, Behind the Enron Scandal, TIME Magazine, June 2002.4 Kevin MacDonald, Is the Madoff Scandal Problematic?, Occidental Quarterly Online, July 2010.5 Anonymous, Key Biscayne Connection in Madoff Scandal, Key Biscayne Times, 23 July, 2010.

Empowered by Manolos, Bound by Cosmos Femininity and Gender Roles in Darren Star’s Sex and the City

Entertainment has long been ace of the around accessible forms of communication because it appeals to the superstar of entertainment than any other avenue in the information process. Today, in well-nigh parts of the serviceman, delight has conquered a host of media that may be appropriated by both producers and consumers, with distributively medium translating specific t bring out ensembley to the audition it aims to reach. From scratch to broadcast, from film to the internet, mass communication has provided ship canal and means for audiences of any time to usurp the kind of entertainment they preferthereby creating its niche in the prevailing popular finis in any country or community.Among the forms mentioned, the stellar history of film and the allure of convenient glamour and life-style associated with it occupy catapulted it to the top of the close to influential of all media. Considering most muckle wealthy person access to cinema, it is correct to assume that this medium has had its sh atomic number 18 of vox in achieving social change, advocacy, politics, and em magnatement. And, apart from universeness instrumental in relaying news program and other customsal informative content, cinema and its success in entertainment has also become a veritable avenue to communicate these full issues through visuals, acting, and superior of format.One of the most noneworthy productions in fresh time is the iconic Sex and the City film, released in 2008 and based on the cult television award of the same title. By showcasing the formerly unsuitable concepts of angiotensin converting enzymehood among females over thirty, professional success, and the unabashed references to sexuality and independence, its creator Darren Starr had stumbled upon a countermand clearly anticipated by women in these situationsand launched a polish that debunked most handed-downist ideologies and heralded new mindsets of womens liberation movement and empow erment.II. Power and the Feminine approaching Feminist inquiry was established to dischargeer theories that center womens experiences and to speak the relations between the categories of gender and other social categories, including race, ethnicity, class, and sexuality (Littlejohn 2008, p. 49), and this claim is evident in the purposive nature of SATC.Individually, the point of references of Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlotte possess their unique strengths and steering writer Carrie is the intellectual and introspective Samanthas focus is on her sexual nature lawyer Miranda conveys independence and Charlotte is depicted as the arguably traditional of the collection yet is never relegated to being permanently at the mildness of her goal to arrive a hubby. In other watchwords, these women are all portrayed to be whole and accomplish on their feature, and have already made their decisions on their particular brands of femininity.Once a woman has delimitate her sense of self, it is easy to understand how power can come logically. nearly audiences of SATC find pleasure in the witty musings of Carrie, the stern yet clement concerns of Miranda, the extent to which Charlotte would go to get married, and the sexual adventures of Samantha. In the film, though, each has had her own story finally played out, non necessarily in the ways they planned Miranda is a mother, Samantha is in a committed relationship, and Charlotte is married and has take a child. Only Carrie appears to have taken the more expected travel guidebook of continuing her relationship with Mr. Big, a man who had long been the cause of numerous of her mishaps. just while each of them has realized their traditional roles as females, their primer coat activities still remain indicative of their career successes. Like in the TV show, the women of the SATC film still engage in their females- only when conversations and gatherings, during which they treat men, relationships, and sexuality. According to Littlejohn (2008, p. 244), womens groups often are less(prenominal) interested outcomes and traditional group tasksless interested in doing and more interested in being, which and then justifies the nature of their bond.Among friends, the iv women can merely be and not be concerned with what should be among their colleagues, they are more goal-driven and objective. The conversations the SATC females have within their group are, in truth, material that audiences can exist by, and are almost ever so philosophical or pragmatic enough to communicate new thinking. When Miranda detect that Steve had a sexual affair with another woman, she immediately reported the adventure to her girlfriendswho, in turn, expressed approval at Mirandas decision to take leave Steve.When Carrie announced that she and Mr. Big were getting married, the group actually came up with two faithsvalidation from Charlotte, and ambivalence from Samantha. These two examples at once sa ve intelligent ways to address these common life circumstances, without resorting to the stereotypical reaction of women sanction of marriage or staying in one despite of import problems. by from that, their nonchalant manner in discussing sexuality signals an unconventional pattern not often shown among women in films and other media, but occurs in womens discussions in real life.The vulnerability exhibited by at least(prenominal) two of the four characters while engaging with men is more close being valet than succumbing to societal pressure it has more to do with their personalities than a non-negotiable objective to olfactory sensation adequate with men in their lives. Again, this goes back to the development of each character in the film, being completely defined and expected for women their age. Of course, it would be harder to express had they been in their twenties, still searching for themselves in immature York, like Carries assistant Louise.Modern femininity is definitely confirmed in the events, reactions, and portrayals of the SATC girls rugged and individual, yet completely aware of their identities and priorities. Compared to younger women, the four characters are each shown carrying the same sense of self one her own, or with her friends. Therefore, the issue of power in the film is attached to the evolved characters of Carrie, Samantha, Miranda, and Charlottethey know who they are, including their strengths and weaknesses, and are capable of appropriating such(prenominal) when it comes to men, or any other concern. III.Representing the Thirty-Something Female With the exception of Samantha, who celebrated her fiftieth birthday in the SATC film, the main characters are in their new-fangled thirties. In fact, Carrie had probably just turned forty as this was one of the highlights in the filmthe suitability of a 40-year-old woman to be photographed in a wedding dress. However, this may be less of an issue compared to the fountainhead of the accurate representation of women in this age range. Israel (2002) stated the still-existing stereotype of single women, that they are social outcasts odd women who require constant translation (p. 46). If this is the present concept of the public regarding single women, then the issue is not in the misrepresentation but in societys unchanged opinion of female expectations. While the shows creator had indeed chosen to center on the lives of tonic York women, possibly to highlight the urban agriculture and wealth of material related to the field of view, the demographic shown is not far from the truth. It may not be correct to assume that all thirty-something females live the kind of lives seen in SATC, but he combined factors of location, career opportunities, and culture all figure in the equation.Much of the TV show and the depiction itself is focused on the New York life forge, music, night lifeand the defining characteristics of the location that has made it legenda ry. Opportunities for career and wealth are often associated with sentiency and chutzpah, which are part of the psyche of a typical New Yorker. This is most evident in Mirandas and Samanthas stories, whose careers as a lawyer and a public relations expert, respectively, are born out of their being in New York.Even Carrie and her sex columns credibility have more to do with being in New York, the citadel of all things forward and modern, than by merely being a new single woman with enough authority about sex. The aberration, more than being the appropriate representation of single women, is Charlotte her perceived values and preference for tradition appear to be more suited to a less sophisticated area than Manhattan. Like in the TV series, consumerism and brands form a significant function in the film Carries display of wedding dresses set by designer shows the amount of importance given to commemorates. alone the New York premise once again provides the perfect excuse, being the center of fashion and home to most luxury brands. Had Carrie been in a small and not-so-cosmopolitan area would have made this appear pretentious and unreal, but the established facts of New York, her career as a magazine columnist, and her affinity for fashion identify the association with designer labels quite expected and normal. Without the penchant for brands and the access afforded by being in New York, the SATC womens representations of the thirty-something female are not far from accurate.At this age, most women have, or are in the process of establishing their careers, or are obsessing over finding a husband and starting a familyas seen, respectively, in Miranda and Charlotte. Yet they had not neglect the other aspects of themselves that would make them achieve their life goals, such as motherhood, responsibility, and fellowship these are clearly established in the film, but due to the destiny to adhere to a cohesive storyline, these have been placed conveniently as background material.Still, some traditionalists may dismiss the film as a celebration of consumerism, anti-feminism, and overt sexualityconcepts that contradict each other when taken as a wholebut it is only because SATC managed to introduce a new breed of independent females who recognize both their strengths and limitations. The characters are complete and wholly developed, creating personalities so real and defined that the more conservative watchman may find them at once curious and controversial.The female audience comprising the age range portrayed by the SATC women will always find the film liberating, for two possible reasons because they can identify with the trials and tribulations of the four characters or because they can only hope to reach the level of individuality and electric arc available to these New York women. Of course, the common pleasure derived by women in both situation may be found within the more looking elements of meeting men per se and fashionit is still entertainment, after all.But the deeper issues of love, relationship, marriage, friendship, career, life, loss, sadness, joy, and other concepts present in the film are universal constructs that tinge women, and men as well. However, if one were to stop at the shallow sport of the aesthetic elements provided by the filmsuch as designer fashions, swanky homes, and gorgeous menthen the experience would not be maximized, and would most likely box in the film in the category of stuntedness and shallowness.Also, manipulation would only be the case if the film depicts a world far from real, with unbelievable characters, and an obvious objective to sell its audience to a life impossible to reach. Carrie and her friends represent every single woman, perhaps not in all aspects, but in the mindset and priorities the issue of downrightness at thirty being the key qualifier in the equation. Naturally, their concerns would not be identical to those of a younger or married woman, who wo uld have different realities altogether.An example would be the wildly popular TV show Gossip Girl (2007), which is undoubtedly limited to the lives of the affluent youth and uses a questionable method of communicating reality through visual pleasure and aspiration. IV. The Politics of Gender Roles in SATC The topics chosen for discussion in the tied(p) lunch, coffee, and shopping dates of the four characters vary at all times, with gender-related issues taking a significant portion.The nature of entertainment provides an effective avenue for these concerns, specially with a smartly-written script and a sense of responsibility to communicate the issues properly. In the movie, the women discuss sex in the presence of Charlottes daughter Lily, and they use the word color to substitute for sexproducing a witty exchange that came off as both enjoyable and informative yet socially acceptable. Marriage, in Carries case, was construed on the outset as a matter of convenience, in order to share an apartment with Mr.Big, but was really a effective issue that had her debating on her reasons for getting marriedwhether it was out of love or mere practicality. But despite all the carefully-crafted dialogue, the scenes referring to life-changing issues such as Mirandas separation from Steve and Charlottes discovering she is pregnant were treated with utmost subtlety and thought, and would not be out of place in any other traditional text discussing the very same points.What may be left out to some extent is the politics among the characters themselves since female competition is a strong theme in most womens lives (Barash 2006), it is questionable how the four women have almost no semblance of rivalry or contest, at least in the film. This phenomenon is largely common among groups of women, in particular, and SATC had shown almost nothing about competition even if it could have been appropriated in several points in the story.The only allusion to it would be Mirandas dec laration that marriage is not the right choice to make, yet without any reference to her envy of Carrie and Mr. Big. V. Conclusion The entertainment culture introduced by the pioneering SATC text redefined the landscape of feminism, empowerment, and the resulting popular culture that has been embraced by audiences the world over. Through the use of female characters who were instruments to convey individuality and power, the celebration of women as symbols of strength is done with much success.The fact that they discuss issues once considered proscribed for media portrayal is already a feat in the world of feminism and empowerment, albeit relatively against the norms of tradition or the approved style of standard feminists. But the goal of entertainment in SATC does not stop with entertainment itselfthe reality of the thirty-something single woman is enough reason to make it a pronounced voice in educating society about the capabilities of females beyond the label of marital status .