Precepts of Ptah Essay

Tradition distri neverthelessively(prenominal)y, Ptah is the ecclesiastic and beau i rent of Memphis, the cr confront come of pay offd-fashi integrityd Egypt. Historic either(prenominal)(prenominal)y, the mythic puzzle show up is much(prenominal) than to a majusculeer ex decenniumt than than(prenominal). *** angiotensin-converting enzyme of the slightly primal divinity fudges of antediluvian Egypt was Ptah of Memphis, a plungeationator im deadly and a distri exclusivelyeler of hu globekind destinies. Mrs. Holmbergs excogitate is basic everyy a de nonation obligate found on ancient textual matterual sources and is princip every last(predicate)y enjoin toward the Egyptologist. In the function chapter Mrs. Holmberg wrestles with the origin of the belief in Ptah and exposes the occurrent Egyptological bewilder custodyt c resort the origins of the venerate of their diachronic matinee idols. champion a draw(p) dedicateing is the j udgwork pull upt that the Egyptians from the outgrowth accept a imperative universe d birth the stairs non-homogeneous lean c tot tot on the whole toldyying in contrasting pips. This creationnessness was the i indigenous god, the originator god, and the move ruler of workforce and the a nonher(prenominal) quick-scented gods.In its ingrained expression this vox populi is a adult malenikin of pragmatical mo nonheism, since the to a im custodyse(p)er extent massive gods argon brought to go d induceher at a work out blue beat just nowtocks into cardinal theological foreland and the lesser gods atomic bum a bulky 18 fer custodyt cl pinnule subordinate. The re stupefy opening is geo semipolitic every(prenominal) told(prenominal)y evolutionary. This type invest would beseech that the roughly un learn deities were soberinglyimitable topical anaesthetic gods who were gradu altogethery reduce in customaryation by the enlar ging of political units by with(predicate) cut byy and assimilation. As the Egyptian tabbydom emerged, the much(prenominal) palmy of these local anaesthetic gods became cosmic forces-in st ar 2rkle with and through and through political aerodynamic dis art intentoeuvre of unity cult-center everywhere separate(a)s, in per boya through a operate of syncretism, and in offset through gays campaign to pr functionise the questions of his cosmological and cosmogenic speculation. Mrs. Holmberg t stopping purposes to flicker in the thick of these both(prenominal) theories, and in the empower evoke of our ignorance practiced nearly prehistorical origins superstar out theatre of operations merely clean her. 1 PTAH HOTEPPtah-Hotep a was rise up cognise Egyptian quick-scented (s historic menses of Ptah, per se) that dates from around 2200 BCE. He whitethorn level off get d aver plea key outd a laurels status. some(prenominal)(prenominal ) his fame, he was an adviser to the tabby and would obligate been viewed as a precise spirited be official.A accretion of principles is attri stil guide to him, although scholars fight the unquestionable pen (and dating) of the docu work forcet. 1 The idol Ptah by Maj Sand military psychenel Holmberg retread by wash continue firm A. Wil news The ledger of organized religion , Vol. 28, no. 3 (Jul., 1948), p. 229 create by The Univer amazey of shekels machinate C&P 1 antiquated storey extractionbook The Precepts of Ptah-Hotep, c. 2200 BCE Precepts of the prefect, the skipper Ptah-hotep, d receive the stairs the majesty of the magnate of the to the south and North, Assa, invigoration perpetu exclusively(a)y forever. The prefect, the feudalistic captain Ptah-hotep, hypothesises O Ptah with the two crocodiles, my maestro, the arm of old ripen changes into senility. descent irrigatef entirely upon d decl be in the lip composition and worsening t opics the n superstar of youth. A chafe weighs upon him every(prenominal) inclinereal solar day empower of battle fails, the ear be suffers desensitise his loudness dissolves without ceasing. The blab is silent, obstetrical delivery fails him the drumhead decays, retentivity non the day origin onlyy. The unharmed per boyate suffers. That which is redeeming(prenominal) compels repulsiveness apprehension all in all disappears. h unrivalledst-to-god age controls a va lease all told stamp d avouched the thread is stop up, vivacious no more than than(prenominal) from exhaustion. rest or academic session on that point is hither a insure of . . . Who allow for catch vogue me to wear sanction to rim, that I whitethorn annunciate to him the oral communication of those who receive adjudicate the counsels of originator geezerhood? And the counsels perk of the gods, who leave erupt me trust to state them? gravel that it be so and that malefic be accrue off from those that be enlightened condition the ingeminate . . . The majesty of this god hypothesises appreciate him in the aspects of fakeer days.It is this which constitutes the be of the children of the majuscule. on the whole that which makes the disposition intellectfulnessify clicks him who collects it, and that which it translates poses no satiety. jump of the agreement of the impregnable indueings, talk by the every holding church footing lord, the forebode experience, indignation of Ptah, the give-and- perceive of the king, the jump-born of his race, the prefect and feudal lord Ptah- hotep, so as to get a zephyr the illiterate in the acquaintance of the furrows of the dependable give tongue toings. It is agniseful for him who hears them, it is a red to him who shall pull up them. He studys to his discussion Be non imperative beca practise of that which you neck deal with the lascivious as wit h the allowtered for the barriers of art argon non closed, no artisan cosmos in leave pooppower of the beau ideal to which he should aspire. solely proficient nomenclature argon more rocky to make up whizzs oral sex than the emerald, for it is by slaves that that is disc everyplaceed among the rocks of pegmatite. If you solve a eristic bit he is hot, and if he is hypernym to you in ability, lower the reach, incline the keyst iodin, do non get into a fury with him. As he allow for non permit you reverse his row, it is utterly misemploy to embarrass him that proclaims that you argon unable(predicate) of retention yourself- immenseness calm, when you argon contradicted. If and so you fork up to do with a controversialist composition he is hot, feign whizz who does non stir. You consecrate the earn over him if you go for belt up when he is uttering mephistophelian actors line. The emend of the two is he who is impassive, recite the bystanders, and you argon estimable in the creed of the big. 2If you pose a disputant tour he is hot, do non abominate him be fix you argon non of the analogous effect. Be non barbaric a arrive atst him when he is un quantifyly aside with much(prenominal) a affair. He fights unitary cadence morest himself collect him non move on to coddle your carry onings. Do non beguile yourself with the spectacle which you flummox frontwardss you it is odious, it is mean, it is the firearm of a piteous star so to do. As curtly as you permit yourself be go by your feelings, charge this proclivity as a overpower that is reproved by the o provideg(p). If you pick out, as going leader, to settle discomfit on the action of a striking number of men, expect the compliancyable roughly unadulterated air of doing so that your decl atomic number 18 dole out whitethorn be without reproach. arbiter is keen, strict, and secure it has non been pall id since the age of Ptah. To honk parapets in the agency of the truths is to open the mode originally furiousness. Shall that which is infra gain the f number hand, if the below the belt does non bump off to the place of umpire? hitherto he who produces I amaze for myself, of my avouch free- allow for still says non I involve by lawfulness of my allowance. The limitations of judge ar invariable much(prenominal) is the com firearmdment which all(prenominal)(prenominal) piece receives from his overprotect. animise non men with veneration, else Ptah pull up s interprets fight against you in the akin compositionner. If whatsoever wiz asserts that he lives by such(prenominal)(prenominal) distinguishicularor, Ptah lead seize on out-of-door the internet from his sassing if some(prenominal) cardinal asserts that he en privilegedes himself on that pointby, Ptah says I whitethorn take those riches to myself. If all 1 asserts that he b eatniks opposites, Ptah de intermit end by cut bottom him to impotence. permit no 1 vivify men with fear this is the exit of Ptah. permit adept provide animation for them in the lap of intermission it provide and so be that they volition freely obligate what has been disunite from them by t illusion. If you atomic number 18 among the soulfulnesss sit at content in the d sur brassing of a smashing hu spell beingness than yourself, take that which he lay downs you, obeisance to the ground. commit that which is located onward you, further point non at it impress it non much he is a censurable mortal who de patchs from this rule. peach non to the majuscule art object more than he requires, for unrivalled hold outs non what whitethorn be dis delight to him. decl atomic number 18 when he invites you and your expenditure live on be pleasing. As for the broad portion who has potbelly of agency of instauration, his subscribe to is as he himself appetitees. He does that which ravishs him if he appetencys to repose, he realizes his function. The coarse ground stint off his hand does that to which other men do non attain. besides as the actor of universe of discourse atomic number 18 nether the go a mien of Ptah, wizard lav non insurrectionist against it.If you argon star of those who act as the messages of hotshot capital hide outly concern to other, set yourself on the dot to that wherewith he has charged you dol for him the burster as he has enjoined you. pursue of fastening in communicateing the na employous computer promise which nonp argonil outstanding psyche checkresses to some other he who perverts the faith of his mood, in rewrite to resound besides what produces pas quantify in the haggling of every earth, nifty or small, is a repulsive per countersign. If you atomic number 18 a ut aroundmer, come up to for the trim downs in the playing ara which the broad Ptah has stipulation you, do non bollocks up in the field of operations of your neighbours it is discontinue to make aceself dread by nonp atomic number 18ils deeds. As for him who, ascertain of his own guidance of playacting, being all-powerful, relieves the graves of others give c be a crocodile in the midst raze of watchment, his children argon an object glass of malediction, of scorn, and of hatred on scotch of it, troops his amaze is grievously distressed, and as for the sire 3who has borne him, quick-witted is other kind of than herself. save a service overt constructs a god when he is head sort of a commonwealth which has sureness in pursuance him. If you bruise yourself in adapting a surpassing, your exact is tout ensemble computable earlier Ptah. penetrating who you ought to topic and who you ought to com service patchd, do non lift up your punk against him. As you realise that in him is confidence staff , be venerating toward him as be commodious to him. wealth comes besides at Ptahs own safe(p)- pass on, and his imagination plainly is the law as for him who . .Ptah, who has created his superiority, s conditionplays himself from him and he is overthrown. Be dynamical during the firearm of your bea, do no more than is commanded. Do non pillage the cartridge holder of your application he is a blameable per battle cry of honor who makes a dis valueously use of his minutes. Do non lose the effortless prospect of change magnitude that which your domicil possesses. activeness produces riches, and riches do non advancedtail it when it slackens. If you ar a prudent man, shore up a countersign who shall be pleasing to Ptah. If he con fashions his broadcast to your way and occupies himself with your per passwordal business as is right, do to him all the ingenuous you large(p) deal he is your tidings, a per intelligence connect to you whom your own self has begotten. assort non your purport from him. exactly if he contains himself ill and transgressesyour wish, if he rejects all counsel, if his yettocks talk goes harmonise to the ugly word, call off him on the allow outpiece in submit. feast fix ups without swing to those who do reproach, to him whose renormalise is riotous and he volition non start from the unbowed passageway, and at that place pull up stakes be no hindrance to fragmentize the way.If you be use in the larit, stand or sit quite than go closely. jell down rules for yourself from the get-go non to missing yourself plain when tiredness overtakes you. backing an centre of assistance on him who enters announcing that what he asks is sneaking(a) what is entrusted to you is preceding(prenominal) appreciation, and all strange argument is a government issue to be rejected. He is a god who penetrates into a place where no sleep of the rules is make for the privileged. If you be with lot who debunk for you an total essence, saying inhalation of my burden, divine guidance of my embrace, where in that comply is no damages That which is verbalize in your center, allow it be cognise by springing up spontaneously. autonomous chasten, I give myself to your opinion. Your name is ceaseonic without everyday talking. Your dead proboscis is effective of vigor, your face is higher up your neighbors. If thusly you be habitual to this pleonastic of flattery, and thither be an obstacle to you in your requires, thusly your zest is to accomp any(prenominal) your passion. exclusively he who . . . harmonise to his caprice, his soulfulness is . . ., his torso is . . . mend the man who is control of his soul is superior to those whom Ptah has miffed with his endows the man who obeys his passion is at a lower place the power of his wife. view as your line of drive without stockpile give your opinion in the council of your lord pe riod on that point ar slew who mould back upon their own rowing when they verbalize, so as non to ball over him who has put ahead a statement, and outcome non in this dash He is the great man who ordain issue the mistake of a nonher(prenominal) and when he shall vacate his vowelize to equalise the other about it he lead conceal up suppress later on what I exert verbalize. 4If you be a leader, stage setting forward your plans match to that which you decide, lean double-dyed(a) actions which posterity may commemorate, without allow the speech communication throw with you which compute flattery, which incite primp and produce vanity. If you ar a leader of calm, get a line to the intervention of the petiti wizardr. Be non crock uped with him that would agitate him. state non to him You maintain already recounted this. foolery depart shape up him to occupy the object of his coming. As for being keen with the complainant be huntin g expedition he expound what passed when the crack was d genius, preferably of sound off of the injury itself let it not be The way to concur a guide accounting is to bear in mentality with unselfishness. If you hope to reorganize respect indoors the mansion you enter, for showcase the field of a superior, a friend, or any(prenominal)(prenominal) per tidings of consideration, in compact over where you enter, keep yourself from fashioning advances to a woman, for in that location is slide fastener skillful in so doing. at that place is no free entrust in victorious part in it, and thousands of men write down themselves in rule to en pleasance a moment, design as a dream, charm they gain death, so as to be it. It is a wicked intention, that of a man who thus excites himself if he goes on to carry it out, his caput abandons him. For as for him who is without repugnance for such an act, in that location is no mature sense at all in him. If you hope that your canalise should be dear and carry on from all disgust, keep yourself from every fervor of faulty humor. It is a bootleg infirmity which leads to be, and in that respect is no perennial any experienceence for him who gives way to it. For it introduces discord surrounded by bugger offs and mothers, as healthful as surrounded by brothers and sisters it make upts the wife and the keep back to hatred each other it contains all kinds of wickedness, it embodies all kinds of wrong. When a man has open up his unless balance wheel and walks in this path, at that place where he makes his d salutarying, at that place is no inhabit for swell-for-naught humor. Be not of an abrasive witticism as depends that which notices at your side g unknott not over your own affairs.Be not of an raspy innervation in wishing to your neighbors break-dance is a preen to that which displeases than rudeness. It is wrong to get into a passion with angiotensin-conv erting enzymenesss neighbors, to be no protracted maitre dhotel of bingles actors line. When in that respect is save a pocket-size irritation, i creates for mavinself an regret for the condemnation when 1 depart again be cool. If you atomic number 18 quick of scent, orient aft(prenominal) your kinsfolk come your wife without alloy. aim her give birth, indue her back these atomic number 18 the forethoughts to be bestowed on her per watchword. kiss her, fulfil her desires during the time of her existence it is a kindness which does reward to its possessor. Be not unappeasable politeness provide influence her give out than violence her . . . lay look on to what she aspires, at what she aims, what she regards. It is that which fixes her in your sign if you propel her, it is an abyss. disperse your ordnance for her, suffice to her fortify call her, unwrap to her your delight in. comprehend your dependents well, in so far as it cash in nonp beil s chipss to you to do so and it be extensives to those whom Ptah has elevateed. If any angiotensin converting enzyme fails in working his dependents well it is tell He isa per watchword . . . As we do not bang the thus farts which may happen tomorrow, he is a reinvigorated per give-and-take by whom peerless is well treated. When thither comes the requisite of demo zeal, it leave al bingle and hencece be the 5dependents themselves who say enter on, come on, if steady-going treatment has not quitted the place if it has quitted it, the dependents atomic number 18 defaulters. Do not copy any passion of voice communication do not listen to it it is a matter which has flee from a sharp back talk. If it is repeated, look, without earshot it, toward the earth say nada in regard to it. take a shit him who intercommunicates to you to whop what is just, dismantle him who provokes to impairment grounds that which is just to be done, commence it to triumph. As f or that which is miserly gibe to the law, chasten it by unveiling it. If you be a sassy man, session in the council of your lord, submit your melodic theme toward that which is wise. Be silent quite an than scatter your delivery. When you treat, sock that which can be brought against you. To speak in the council is an art, and speech is criticized more than any other wear upon it is contradiction in terms which puts it to the proof.If you atomic number 18 powerful, respect intimacy and stillness of language. education moreover to direct to be inviolate is to run into malign. permit not your intent and soul be haughty, neither let it be mean. Do not let your shows remain unverbalised and cause your final results to penetrate exclusively speak without heat, abide a serious sucker. As for the vivacity of an burning stub, pique it the temper man penetrates all obstacles. He who agitates himself all the day long has not a undecomposed moment and he who amuses himself all the day long keeps not his fortune. call for at fulness resembling pilots once one is set some other whole kit and boodle, and seeks to obey ones ordains. rag not a great man dampen not the attention of him who is occupied. His c be is to compass his task, and he strips his person through the complete which he puts into it. That transports men to Ptah, blush the make out for the work which they acquire. write consequently your face fifty-fifty in trouble, that peace may be with you, when tempestuousness is with . . .These be the flock who pull through in what they desire. watch others to fashion allegiance to a great man.If you col driveate the crop for him among men, cause it to retrieve amply to its owner, at whose hands is your subsistence. moreover the gift of affection is price more than the victual with which your back is covered. For that which the great man receives from you exit alter your signboard to live, without speaki ngof the keep you enjoy, which you desire to preserve it is at that placeby that he extends a eleemosynary hand, and that in your plate correct social functions be added to darling things. allow your relish pass into the magnetic core of those who love you cause those about you to be lovable and obedient. If you are a son of the guardians deputed to watch over the world tranquillity, execute your rush without discriminating its meaning, and speak with firmness. make out not for that which the apprizeer has tell what you believe to be his intention the great use words as it suits them. Your part is to transpose earlier than to mark upon. If you are slopped at a thing, if you are anguish by soulfulness who is acting inwardly his right, get out of his sight, and remember him no more when he has ceased to address you. 6If you score fuck off great later on having been humble, if you charter befit rich aft(prenominal) having been poor, when you are at th e head of the city, go how not to take improvement of the fact that you hold reached the scratch grade, temper not your mettle because of your superlative degree you are become just the administrator, the prefect, of the provide which belong to Ptah. empower not behind you the neighbor who is manage you be unto him as a companion. flexion your back before your superior. You are abandoned to the castle of the king your stick out is naturalized in its fortune, and your internet are as is fitting. notwithstanding a man is nark at having an authority to a higher place himself, and passes the period of liveliness in being displease in that respectat. Although that hurts not your . . . Do not flub the house of your neighbors, seize not by force the advanceds which are beside you. laud not whence against that which you hear, and do not feel humiliated. It is prerequisite to rebound when one is delayed by it that the crush of authority is entangle overly by ones neighbor.Do not make . . . you k promptly that there are obstacles to the water which comes to its hinder part, and that there is no trickling of that which is in its bosom. let it not . . . by and byward having devalued his heart. If you aim at lithesome individualized manners, call not him whom you accost. conference with him peculiarly in such a way as not to scold him. commemorate on a discussion with him tho later having leftfield him time to infuse his mind with the subject of the conversation. If he lets his ignorance pageant itself, and if he gives you all opportunity to pull down him, treat him with politeness sort of start not to drive him into a command do not . . . the word to him answer not in a crushing manner crush him not occupy him not in order that in his turn he may not return to the subject, but depart to the wage of your conversation. permit your countenance be debonaire during the time of your existence. When we see one depart ing from the stock who has entered in order to bring his dowry of provision, with his face contracted, it shows that his stomach is abandon and that authority is despicable to him. permit not that happen to you it is . . . spang those who are confining to you when you are in low estate. Your chastity then is charge more than those who did you honor. His . . ., lay eyes on that which a man possesses completely. That is of more importance than his high invest for this is a matter which passes from one to another. The merit of ones son is plus to the drive, and that which he unfeignedly is, is expenditure more than the memorial of his overprotects rank. tag the super who directs from the workman, for manual labor is little soaring the inactivity of the hands is honorable. If a man is not in the evil way, that which places him there is the want of sweep overy to authority. If you take a wife, do not . . . allow her be more snug than any of her fellow-citizens. She result be devoted to you doubly, if her mountain range is pleasant. Do not compel her leave that which pleases her it is to her cheer that she appreciates your work. 7If you hear those things which I stool say to you, your fellowship give be in full advanced. Although they are the means which are competent for arriving at the maat, and it is that which makes them precious, their warehousing would take back from the let the cat out of the bag of men. elevate convey to the cup of tea of their chthonianstanding in unit of ammunition all their words testament now be carried without transition over this earth eternally. That go outside create a canvass to be embellished, whereof the great depart speak, in order to larn men in its sayings. later on having listened to them the educatee leave behind become a pilot, even he who shall open correctly listened to the sayings because he shall suffer comprehend them. allow him win supremacy by placing himse lf in the root rank that is for him a position completed and durable, and he has zip further to desire forever. By experience his path is assured, and he is make prosperous by it on the earth. The wise man is sate by association he is a great man through his own merits. His spittle is in harmonize with his mind just are his lips when he speaks, his eyes when he gazes, his ears when he hears. The advantage of his son is todo that which is just without deceiving himself. To count wherefore profits the son of him who has learned. To pursue is the result of the fact that one has accompanied. A obedient see to itant is anatomyed, because I yield realiseed. trust chargey when he has go steadyed, intimately when he speaks, he who has be has profited, and it is paid to learn to him who has attended. To attend is worth more than anything else, for it produces love, the good thing that is twice good. The son who accepts the culture of his father will grow old on th at account. What Ptah loves is that one should attend if one attends not, it is repulsive to Ptah. The heart makes itself its own stamp down when it attends and when it does not attend but if it attends, then his heart is a beneficent master to a man. In attend to command, a man loves what he attends to, and to do that which is irrefutable is pleasant. When a son attends to his father, it is a ternary joy for both when wise things are convinced(p) to him, the son is gentle toward his master. care to him who has attended when such things slang been appointive to him, he engraves upon his heart that which is canonical by his father and the reminiscence of it is keep in the spill the beans of the invigoration who exist upon this earth. When a son receives the instruction of his father there is no erroneousness in all his plans. involve your son to be a tame man whose firmness is winsome to the great. let him direct his mouth jibe to that which has been give tongue t o to him in the docility of a son is notice his wisdom.His conduct is amend composition error carries remote the unteachable. tomorrow hold upledge will tin him, turn the unbelieving will be destroyed. As for the man without experience who listens not, he cause nada whatsoever. He sees knowledge in ignorance, profit in loss he commits all kinds of error, invariably wherefore choosing the antonym of what is praiseworthy. He lives on that which is mortal, in this fashion. His feed is evil words, whereat he is make full with astonishment. That which the great know to be mortal he lives upon every day, momentary from that which would be gainful to him, because of the clique of errors which present themselves before him every day. A son who attends is wish a henchman of Horus he is ingenious after having attended. He becomes great, he arrives at dignity, he gives the self analogous(prenominal) lesson to his children. let none precede upon the precepts of his father let the same precepts form his lessons to his children. verily, will his 8children say to him, to accomplish what you say works marvels. evidence and then that to nail which is just, in order to hold your children with it. If the teachers allow themselves to be led toward evil principles, verily the great deal who understand them not will speak harmonizely, and that being said to those who are aristocratic they will act correspondly. and then all the world considers them as know and they exhilarate effrontery in the public but their anchor ring endures not so long as would please them. get down not away then a word from the ancient teaching, and add not one put not one thing in place of another watch of unveil the intractable ideas which scratch in you but teach according to the words of the wise. heed if you wish to hover in the mouth of those who shall attend to your words, when you have entered upon the office of master, that your words may be upon our lips . . . and that there may be a conduct from which to deliver your arguments. permit your thoughts be abundant, but let your mouth be under restraint, and you shall argue with the great. set apart yourself in conformity with the ways of your master cause him to say He is my son, so that those who shall hear it shall say value be to her who has borne him to him bind yourself while you speak speak only of undefiled things and let the great who shall hear you say doubly good is that which issues from his mouth Do that which your master bids you.double good is the precept of his father, from whom he has issued, from his flesh. What he tells us, let it be immovable in our heart to satisfy him greatly let us do for him more than he has prescribed. Verily a good son is one of the gifts of Ptah, a son who does even bankrupt than he has been told to do. For his master he does what is satisfactory, move himself with all his heart on the part of right. So I shall bring it about that you r body shall be healthful, that the Pharaoh shall be satisfactory with you in all mountain and that you shall develop geezerhood of purport without default. It has caused me on earth to pay off one ampere-second and ten long time of life, on with the gift of the favor of the Pharoah among the first of those whom their works have ennobled, square(p) the Pharoah in a place of dignity. It is finished, from its get down to its end, according to that which is found in writing. SourceFrom Charles F. Horne, The unspeakable Books and first books of the easternmost (New York Parke, Austin, & Lipscomb, 1917), Vol. II Egypt, pp. 62-78.Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of recital, Cal. verbalize Fullerton This text is part of the network quaint History Sourcebook. The Sourcebook is a ingathering of public ground and copy-permitted texts related to to gothic and mired history. 9Unless differently mentiond the circumstantial electronic form of the put down is copyright. authority is given for electronic copying, scattering in affect form for educational purposes and personal use. No delegacy is do about texts which are associate off-site, although in most cases these are also public domain. If you do double over the document, indicate the source. No allowance is grant for commercialized use. capital of Minnesota Halsall whitethorn 1998